Designación: ASTM C 29/C 29M - 97

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Designación:   ASTM C 29/C  29M - 97

Standard Test Method for determining the bulk density ("unit weight") and Voids Index Aggregates

This standard has been published with the designation C 29 / C 29M, the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by the Department of Defense.

1. scope

1.1 This test method to determine the bulk density ( " unit weight " ) of an aggregate both in compacted or loose condition and calculate the gaps between particles in fine aggregate , coarse aggregate or mixtures , based on the same determination. This method applies to aggregates that do not exceed 5 in [125] mm nominal maximum size .

Note 1 - The unit weight refers to the traditional terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method , which is weight per unit volume (more properly , mass per unit of volume or density).

1.2 The values ​​stated in inch-pound units or SI units are to be used separately as standard , as are suitable for the specification with which this test method used , except with regard to sieve sizes and nominal size of the aggregate, since the values ​​of SI are the norm as specified in E 11 . In the text, the SI units are in square brackets . The values ​​established in each system may not be exactly equal , therefore , each system must be used independently without combining values ​​in any way .

1.3 This standard does not address security measures , if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish measures and health and safety practices necessary staff and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Two . Reference documents

2.1 ASTM Standards :

C 125 Terminology related to concrete and aggregates for hormigón.2

C 127 Standard test method for determining the specific weight and the absorption of the aggregates gruesos.2C 128 Método de

assay to determine the specific weight and the absorption of the aggregates finos.2

C 138 Test Method for determining the unit weight , yield and air content ( gravimetric ) of hormigón.2

C 670 Practice for the preparation of reports precision and bias for test methods for materials construcción.2

Practice 702 C to reduce the sample size to size aggregates ensayo.2

D 75 Standard Practice for Sampling of áridos.3

D 123 Terminology Relating to the textiles.4

E 11 Specification for mesh sieves ensayo.5

2.2 Standards AASHTO :

T 19/T19M Test method for determining unit weight and voids in áridos6 .

1. terminology

1.1 Definitions - The definitions are consistent with terminology C 125 unless otherwise indicated .

1.1.1 Bulk density , n - of an aggregate , the mass of a unit volume of the dry bulk , where the volume includes the volume of individual particles and the volume of the air gaps between the particles. It is expressed in lb/ft3 kg/m3   .

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1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee C -9 ASTM Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.20 on Normal Weight Aggregates .

This edition was approved on 10 july 1997 . Published in September 1997 . Originally published as C 29-20 T. The previous edition is C 29 / C 29 M - 91a .

2 Yearbook of ASTM standards , Vol 04.02

3 Yearbook of ASTM standards , Vol 04.03

4 Yearbook of ASTM standards , Vol 07.01

5 Yearbook of ASTM standards , Vol 14.02

6  Disponible en el American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 North Capitol St., NW, Suite 225, Washington, DC 20001.

Copyright Ó ASTM , 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken , PA 19428-2959 , United States .

1.1.1       Unit weight , n - weight ( mass) per unit volume. (Term disapproved - preferably using bulk density. )

1.1.2        

1.1.1.1 Discussion - Weight is equal to the mass of the body multiplied by the acceleration of gravity . The weight can be expressed in absolute units ( newtons , poundals ) or gravitational units ( kgf, lbf ) . For example, in the Earth's surface , a body with a mass of 1 kg has a weight of 1 kgf (about 9.81 N ) or a body with a mass of 1 lb has a weight of 1 lbf ( about 4 , 45 N or 32.2 poundals ) . Since weight is equal to the gravity acceleration times the mass , the weight of a body varies according to the location where the weight is determined, while the mass of the body is kept constant. On the surface of Earth, the gravitational force imparts a freely falling body an acceleration of approximately 9.81 m/s2 (32.2 ft/s2 ) . D 123.

1.2 Definitions of specific terms used in this standard :

1.2.1 Hollow , n- in units of volume of aggregates, the space between the particles in a dry mass that is not occupied by solid mineral materials .

3.2.1.1Discusión - The interstices within the particles , are permeable or impermeable , are not included in the gaps for the purposes of this standard.

Two . Meaning and Use

2.1 This test method is often used to determine the values ​​of bulk density, various methods used for selecting the proportions of the concrete mixes .

2.2 The bulk density can also be used to determine the mass / volume conversions establishing purchase agreements . However, the relationship between the degree of compaction of the aggregate in a transport unit or stockpile and achieved in this method is unknown. Furthermore, the aggregates contained in a transport unit generally contain adsorbed moisture and surface (the latter affects the apparent density ) , in contrast, this test determines the apparent density in the dry state 2.3 includes a procedure to calculate the percentage of voids Between the particles of aggregate based on the bulk density determined to by This test method .

Three . devices

5.1 Balance - A balance or weigh That mark with an accuracy of 0.1 % of the burden of trial at any point within the range of use , graduated at least 0.05 kg 0.1 lb   . The range of use shall be deemed to cover from the mass of the empty container to the mass of the container plus its contents to 120 lb/ft3 kg/m3 1920 .

5.2 Tamper - A steel rod , 5/ 8 in. 16 mm in diameter and about 24 inches  600 mm long, with one or both hemispheres rounded ends , having a diameter of 5/8 in. 16 mm  .

5.3 Measuring container - A cylindrical metal container , preferably provided with handles. It should be tight , with the top and bottom parallel , level , and rigid enough to maintain its shape despite the abuse. The measure must have a height approximately equal to the diameter , but in no case shall the height be less than 80 % nor more than 150 % of the diameter . As capacity must conform to the limits of Table 1 to the size of the aggregates to be tested. Metal thickness measurement is described in Table 2. The top edge should be smooth and flat within 0.25 mm 0.01 inch   and be parallel to the bottom within 0.5 ° ( Note 2 ) . The inner wall of the measure must be a smooth and continuous.

Note 2 - the top level will be successful if you can not insert a tape gauge of 0.01 inches (0.25 mm ) between the edge and a piece of 1/4 inch  6 mm or thicker glass plate placed on the container. The upper and lower parallel successfully find if the slope of the glass plate in contact with the top and bottom does not exceed 8.7% in any direction.

5.3.1 If the container will also be used to test the density of freshly mixed concrete in accordance with Test Method C 138 , the container should be of steel or other suitable metal that is not attacked by the cement paste . Reactive materials such as aluminum alloys are permitted , because the initial reaction forms a film that protects the metal surface against corrosion.

5.3.2 Containers larger than the rated capacity of 1 ft3 ( 28 L ) shall be of steel for rigidity or, should increase appropriately the minimum thickness specified in Table 2.

Paddle or scow 5.4 - A shovel or scow convenient size to fill the container with aggregates .

5.5 Calibration - A glass plate , preferably 1/4 inch 6 mm thick and of at least 1 inch  25 mm larger than the diameter of the vessel to be calibrated. A source of water supply

5.2 and a frame that can be placed in greased container rim to prevent leakage.

TABLE 1 Capacity of containers

Nominal maximum size of aggregates		Recipiente capacity
in	mm	Ft3	L (m3)
1/2	12,5	1/10	2,8 (0,0028)
1	25,0	1/3	9,3 (0,0093)
1 1/2	37,5	1/2	14 (0,014)
3	75	1	28 (0,028)
4	100	2 1/2	70 (0,070)
5	125	3 1/2	100 (0,100)

A designated size of the container should be used to test aggregate nominal maximum size equal to or smaller than those mentioned. The actual volume of the container must be at least 95% of the nominal volume mentioned.

TABLE 2 Requirements for containers

Container capacity	Metal thickness, min
	background	1 1/2 in. (38 mm) top of the wall	Rest Wall
Menos de 0,4 ft3	0,20 pulg	0,10 pulg	0,10 pulg
0,4 ft3 a 1,5 ft3, incl	0,20 pulg	0,20 pulg	0,12 pulg
sobre 1,5 a 2,8 ft3, incl	0,40 pulg	0,25 pulg	0,15 pulg
Sobre 2,8 a 4,0 ft3, incl	0,50 pulg	0,30 pulg	0,20 pulg
Menos de 11 L	5,0 mm	2,5 mm	2,5 mm
11 a 42 L, incl	5,0 mm	5,0 mm	3,0 mm
sobre 42 a 80 L, incl	10,0 mm	6,4 mm	3,8 mm
sobre 80 a 133 L, incl	13,0 mm	7,6 mm	5,0 mm

The additional thickness of the top wall may be obtained by placing a reinforcement ring around the top of the container.

1. sampling

1.1 Obtain the sample in accordance with Practice D 75 , and reduce the size of the test sample in accordance with Practice C 702.

Two . Test Sample

2.1 The size of the test sample should be about 125 to 200% of the amount required to fill the container , and should be handled so as to avoid segregation. Dry test sample to constant weight , preferably in an oven at 230 ° F   9 5 ° C 110   .

Three . Calibration of the container

3.1 Fill the container with water at room temperature and cover with a glass plate in order to remove bubbles and excess water.

3.2 Determine the mass of water in the container using the scale described in 5.1.

3.3 Measure the water temperature and the density determined from Table 3, by interpolating if necessary.

TABLE 3 Density of water

temperature

lb/ft3

kg/m3

° F ° C

60 15.6 62.366 999.01

65 18.3 62.336 998.54

70 21.1 62.301 997.97

73.4 23.0 62.274 997.54

75 23.9 62.261 997.32

80 26.7 62.216 996.59

85 29.4 62.166 995.83

3.4 Calculate the volume , V, of the container, dividing the mass of water required to fill the container by its density . Alternatively, calculating the factor for the container (1 / V) , by dividing the density by the mass of water required to fill the container.

Note 3 - To calculate the bulk density, container volume in SI units should be expressed in cubic meters or as 1/m3 factor . However, for convenience, the size of the container can be expressed in liters .

3.5 The containers should be calibrated at least once a year or when there is doubt about the accuracy of the calibration.

April . Selection procedure

4.1 The procedure for loose bulk density in loose condition should be used only when it is specifically provided . Otherwise, the condition compacted bulk density is determined by the tamping procedure for aggregates that have a nominal maximum size of 1 1 /2 inch   37.5 mm or less, or by the procedure to aggregate size settled nominal maximum greater than 1 1/2 in. 37.5 mm   and not to exceed 155 mm 5 in   .

May . Procedure tamped

5.1 Fill a third of the container and level the surface with your fingers . Tamp the aggregate layer with 25 strokes of tamper distributed evenly over the surface. Fill the second third of the container and level off and tamp again as directed . Finally , fill the container to overflowing and tamp as advised . Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or with a ruler so that the larger particles of coarse aggregate balanced fill larger spaces that appear on the surface.

5.2 When tamping the first layer , do not tamper with or smite the bottom of the container . To tamp the second and third layer , do vigorously, but without the ram pass through the layer of aggregate prior .

Note 4 - The tamp larger sizes of coarse aggregates , it could be impossible to penetrate the layer being consolidated , especially angular aggregate . The aim of the procedure is achieved when employing a vigorous effort .

5.3 Determine the mass of the container with its contents , and the mass of the vessel alone , and report the approximate values ​​to 0.1 lb   nearest 0.05 kg .

June . settled Procedure

6.1 Fill the container with three approximately equal layers of aggregates. Compact each layer by placing the container on a firm , as a cement concrete floor , lifting alternately the opposite sides about 2 inches   50 mm , and allowing the bin to fall a dry tap . By this method, the aggregate particles will accommodate a densely packed condition . Compact each layer dropping the container 50 in the manner described times , 25 times on each side. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or with a rule such that the projections of large pieces of coarse aggregate balanced fill larger spaces that appear on the container surface .

6.2 Determine the mass of the container with its contents , and the mass of the vessel alone , and report the approximate values ​​to 0.1 lb   nearest 0.05 kg .

July . loose Procedure

7.1 Fill the bowl to overflowing with a shovel or scow , unloading aggregates from a height not exceeding 2 in.   50 mm on top of the container . Prevent the maximum particle segregation of the sample. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or with a rule such that the projections of large pieces of coarse aggregate balanced fill larger spaces that appear on the container surface .

7.2 Determine the mass of the container with contents and mass of the vessel alone , and report the approximate values ​​to 0.1 lb   nearest 0.05 kg .

August . Calculations

Apparent Density 8.1 - Calculate the bulk density for the tamping procedure , loose or compacted , in the following manner :

M = (G - T) / V ( 1)

or

M = (G - T) x F (2)

where:

M = bulk density of aggregates , lb/ft3  kg / m3  ,

G = mass of the aggregate over the container , lb  kg  ,

T = mass of container  kg  lb ,

V = volume of the container , ft3 m3   , and

F = factor for the container , ft -3 -3  m  .

8.1.1 The bulk density determined by this test method is to dry in oven dry condition . If you want to get the bulk density in terms of saturated surface-dry condition ( SSS ), use the exact procedure of this method and then calculate the apparent density SSS using the following formula:

MSSS = M  1 + ( A/100 )  (3)

where:

MSSS = SSS condition bulk density , lb/ft3  kg / m3  , and

A = % absorption , determined in accordance with Test Method C 127 or C 128 .

Voids content of 8.2 - Calculate the content of voids in the dry bulk density using procedures determined by tamping , seated or loose, as follows:

% Hollow  = 100 (S x W) - M  / (S x W ) (4)

where:

M = bulk density of aggregates , lb/ft3  kg / m3  ,

S = specific weight (dry basis ) as determined by Test Method C 127 or C 128 , and

W = density of water , 62.3 lb/ft3  998 kg / m3  .

9. report

9.1 Report results to approximate the density at 1 lb/ft3  10 kg / m3  as follows:

9.1.1 Bulk density compacted , or

9.1.2 Bulk density established, or

9.1.3 Bulk density loose .

9.2 Report results for void content closer to the nearest 1% , as follows :

9.2.1 Gaps in the aggregate compacted by tamping , % , or

9.2.2 Gaps in compacted aggregates settled , % , or

9.2.3 Voids in loose aggregate , % .

10 . Precision and Bias

10.1 The estimates of precision for this test method is based on the results of the Proficiency Sample Program of Materials Reference Laboratory ( AMRL ) of AASHTO , with studies with this test method and the method of the AASHTO T 19/T19M . There are large differences between the two test methods . The data are based on analysis of the test results from more than 100 pairs of test results between 40 and 100 laboratories.

10.2 Aggregates thick ( bulk density ) :

10.2.1 with a single operator Accuracy - The standard deviation for the same operator has been determined in 0.88 lb/ft3  14 kg / m3  (1s) . Therefore, the results of two tests conducted by the same operator adequately similar materials should not differ by more than 2.5 lb/ft3  40 kg / m3  ( D2S ) .

Accuracy multilaboratorios 10.2.2 - multilaboratorios The standard deviation was determined at 1.87 lb/ft3  30 kg / m3  (1s) . Therefore, the results of two properly conducted tests by two different laboratories with similar precision based on sampling information AMRL for loose bulk density of containers used laboratories 1/10 2.8 L   ft3.

1.2 not have precise information about the content of voids, however, the content of voids in the aggregate is calculated from the apparent density and specific gravity loose accuracy void content accurately reflects those parameters measured at 15.2 and 15.3 marked by this test method and the test methods C 127 and C 128.

Bias 15.5 - The procedure in this test method for measuring the bulk density and void content is unbiased since the values ​​for the density and void content can be defined only in terms of an assay method.

Two. keywords

2.1 arid, bulk density, dry bulk, density, fine aggregate, unit weight, voids in the aggregate.materials should not differ by more than 5.3 lb/ft3  85 kg / m3  ( d2s ) .

10.2.3 These numbers represent , respectively , the (1s ) and ( d2s ) described in Practice C 670. These precision estimates are based on sampling information AMRL for tamped bulk density for normal weight aggregates with a nominal maximum size of 1 in.  and  25 mm using a container half ft3 14 L   .

Arid 10.3 fine ( bulk density ) :

10.3.1 with a single operator Accuracy - The standard deviation for the same operator has been determined in 0.88 lb/ft3  14 kg / m3  (1s) . Therefore, the results of two tests conducted by the same operator adequately similar materials should not differ by more than 2.5 lb/ft3  40 kg / m3  ( D2S ) .

Accuracy multilaboratorios 10.3.2 - The standard deviation was determined multilaboratorios 2.76 lb/ft3  44 kg / m3  (1s) . Therefore, the results of two tests

1.1.1       adecuadamente por dos laboratorios diferentes con materiales similares no deberían diferir en más de 7,8 lb/ft³  [125 kg/ m³] (d2s).

1.1.2     Estos números representan, respectivamente, los límites (1s) y (d2s) descritos en la Práctica C 670.  Estas estimaciones de

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